But by the end of September, Columbus was seriously ill. His crew abandoned further explorations and returned to the colony at La Isabela. Over the next eighteen months Columbus worked, mostly without success, at his job of colonial governor. His relations with the Spanish colonists were poor. Columbus took his title of Viceroy -- titular King -- seriously, and governed with an arrogance that the colonists did not appreciate.
Many of these colonists were younger sons of the Spanish nobility who were trying to carve out their own fiefdoms in the New World, and they viewed Columbus as a foreigner and an impediment to their plans. The large amounts of gold they had been promised turned out to be more of a trickle, and Columbus, acting under royal decree, appropriated a large fraction of that for himself. Further, La Isabela turned out to have been a bad location, in a swampy area with few resources and a poor harbor.
Meanwhile, relations with many of the Indian tribes had soured too, and war soon broke out between the Spaniards and some of the tribes. But the Spanish had a huge technological edge, and the warfare was grossly one-sided.
Many Indians were killed, and even more were captured and forced to work at the thankless job of finding gold. As supplies brought from Spain dwindled, Columbus decided to return to Spain to ask for more help in establishing the colony. He set sail from Isabela on March 10, , with two ships. They sighted the coast of Portugal on June 8, his second voyage complete. Sailing on, he explored Puerto Rico , Jamaica, and numerous smaller islands in the Caribbean. Columbus returned to Spain in June and was greeted less warmly, as the yield from the second voyage had fallen well short of its costs.
Isabella and Ferdinand, still greedy for the riches of the East, agreed to a smaller third voyage and instructed Columbus to find a strait to India. In May , Columbus left Spain with six ships, three filled with colonists and three with provisions for the colony on Hispaniola. This time, he made landfall on Trinidad. He explored the Orinoco River of Venezuela and, given its scope, soon realized he had stumbled upon another continent.
Columbus, a deeply religious man, decided after careful thought that Venezuela was the outer regions of the Garden of Eden. Returning to Hispaniola, he found that conditions on the island had deteriorated under the rule of his brothers, Diego and Bartholomew. In , Spanish chief justice Francisco de Bobadilla arrived at Hispaniola, sent by Isabella and Ferdinand to investigate complaints, and Columbus and his brothers were sent back to Spain in chains.
He was immediately released upon his return, and Ferdinand and Isabella agreed to finance a fourth voyage, in which he was to search for the earthly paradise and the realms of gold said to lie nearby.
He was also to continue looking for a passage to India. Attempting to return to Hispaniola, his ships, in poor condition, had to be beached on Jamaica. Columbus and his men were marooned, but two of his captains succeed in canoeing the miles to Hispaniola. Columbus was a castaway on Jamaica for a year before a rescue ship arrived. In November , Columbus returned to Spain. Queen Isabella, his chief patron, died less than three weeks later.
Although Columbus enjoyed substantial revenue from Hispaniola gold during the last years of his life, he repeatedly attempted unsuccessfully to gain an audience with King Ferdinand, whom he felt owed him further redress. Columbus died in Valladolid on May 20, , without realizing the scope of his achievement: He had discovered for Europe the "New World," whose riches over the next century would help make Spain the wealthiest and most powerful nation on earth.
But if you see something that doesn't look right, click here to contact us! Simmering racial tensions and economic frustrations boil over in New York City on the night of August 1, , culminating in what is now known as the Harlem Riot of During an altercation in the lobby of the Braddock Hotel, a white police officer shoots a Black soldier, Anne Frank, the young Jewish girl hiding out in Nazi-occupied Holland whose diary came to serve as a symbol of the Holocaust, writes her final entry three days before she and her family are arrested and placed in concentration camps.
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